Tag: immigration

Current Events, Poland - Polish - Polonia, ,

Landowski’s Christ the Redeemer to be refinished

From 9News and other sources: Rio’s Christ the Redeemer to get upgrade

The [Roman] Catholic Church has announced plans to raise $US3.5 million ($A3.81 million) for a major upgrade of Christ the Redeemer, the iconic giant statue of Jesus with outstretched arms that overlooks Rio de Janeiro.

Cleaning and repairing the 78-year-old statue will take four to six months, Rio de Janeiro Archbishop Ornani Tempesta told reporters on Wednesday.

RedentorThe 30-metre tall stone and cement Christ the Redeemer stands on an eight-metre high pedestal on top of Mount Corcovado, overlooking the metropolis of around 10 million people.

It was designed by Brazilian engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, who ceded all the rights to the monument to the Catholic Church.

A French sculptor of Polish origin, Paul Landowski, sculpted the statue. It was inaugurated in 1931 after five years of work.

Classified as a historic monument since 1973, some 1.8 million visitors stop by to see the stature [sic] every year.

Christian Witness, Poland - Polish - Polonia, ,

Ś + P Sister Ludwika Sofja Andrzejewska

From the Albany Times Union: A life of giving comes to an end (or really has not ended, has just changed)

She was known as Sister Andy, a tiny former cloistered nun with a big heart for helping others

GUILDERLAND– Sister Ludwika Sofja Andrzejewska was so tiny, her feet never touched the ground when she sat in a pew and prayed.

It was her heart that reached to heaven.

Sister Andy, as she was known, who died Sunday at the age of 101, was remembered as a towering force for prayer and goodness who touched the hearts of many on both sides of the Atlantic.

A sister in the Society of the Sacred Heart religious order for 70 years, she spent three decades as a cloistered nun, walled off from society, until her order relaxed its rules in 1970.

She was for 25 years at Kenwood, where a community of Sacred Heart nuns lived on the grounds of Doane Stuart School’s former site. She worked in the infirmary caring for ailing sisters. On Tuesday, she was buried in a cemetery at Kenwood.

“She was a happy, little woman, a fairy godmother to so many,” recalled Sister Joan Gannon, who lives with 30 other Sisters of the Sacred Heart at Teresian House. As their group at Kenwood died off and grew infirm, they moved to the nursing home. Of the 50 who relocated since 2006, about 30 are still living. Roughly one-third are in their 90s.

After a funeral service for Sister Andy in the Infant of Prague Chapel at Teresian House, most of the 20 nuns who swapped stories about their friend used wheelchairs or walkers.

Sister Andy, who stood 4-feet-8, relished her role as imp.

She took yoga classes while in her 90s and liked to raise her walker overhead in jubilation. “She could reach her knees to her chin,” a nun said, to general laughter. It was a short lift.

Her room at Kenwood resembled a warehouse with stacks of boxes. She was constantly gathering clothing and other items to ship to her relatives in her native Poland. The clicking of knitting needles echoed down the hall as she knitted and crocheted acres of baby booties and clothing for great-grandnieces in the old country.

Born in the farming village of Katy on July 13, 1908, she came from hearty peasant stock. She has sisters in their 90s who are still living. She emigrated to the U.S. in 1934 and taught at Sacred Heart schools in Nebraska, Illinois and Missouri.

“Her heart was always rooted in Poland,” said Mira Lechowicz, who met Sister Andy in 1995 when she taught yoga at Kenwood. They spoke Polish. “What a beautiful spirit she was. She was pure love.”

In recent weeks as Lechowicz as she came to visit, Sister Andy told Lechowicz she was going home to Jesus. She spoke low and in Polish: “Jezu ufam Tobie,” (“Jesus, I trust in you.”)

On Saturday, the day before she died, Sister Andy told Sister Gannon she was ready. Sister Andy took to her bed and declined a nightgown. She crossed her arms over her bare chest beneath the bed covers and showed no fear. She indicated she wanted to leave the world in the state in which she entered it as an infant, Sister Gannon said.

She recounted that Sister Andy lifted her arms and said, in English: “Here I am, Jesus, come take me.”

To You, O Lord, we commend the soul of Your handmaid, Ludwika; open the gates of paradise to her and help us who remain to comfort one another with the assurance of our faith. We ask this through Jesus Christ, our Lord. Amen.

Wieczne odpoczynek racz jej dać Panie, a światłość wiekuista niechaj jej świeci.
Niech odpoczywają w pokoju, Amen.

Her obituary: Sr. Ludwika Sofja Andrzejewska

Sister Ludwika Sofja Andrzejewska, religious of the Sacred Heart, died peacefully at Teresian House on Sunday evening, October 25, 2009. Born in 1908, in Katy, Poland, “Sister Andy” was the daughter of Walenty Andrzejewska and Franciszka Majchrsak. She had four sisters and four brothers as well as five half-sisters and brothers. She entered the Society of the Sacred Heart on November 1, 1931 in Zbilitowska Gora and after making her first vows there, came to the United States as a missionary. She made her final vows at Barat College of the Sacred Heart in Lake Forest, Ill. on February 2, 1940. During her many years of ministry, Sister Andy was a homemaker for her religious of the Sacred Heart sisters and the children in Sacred Heart schools in Omaha, Neb., Lake Forest, Ill., St. Joseph, Mo. and Chicago, Ill. She was known for her sewing and her knitting, and kept the little shops both at Duchesne Academy in Omaha and at Kenwood in Albany full of delightful home made articles. Sister Andy came to Albany in 1982 and was an aid in the infirmary for as long as she was able. In 2007 she joined the community at Teresian House where she was an active participant until very recently. Her tiny four foot, eight inch frame was packed with energy and determination. She was fun loving and beloved by all who knew her including, most recently, the staff and residents of Carmel Gardens at Teresian House. During her active years she worked earnestly to get donations of goods and money to send to her beloved family and friends in Poland, particularly after World War II. Sister Andy remained close to her family in spite of the geographical separation and after 1970, when cloister was lifted for the religious of the Sacred Heart, she went a few times to visit them. Some of them, in turn, were able to visit her. She is survived by a sister and by many nieces and nephews, grand and great-grandnieces and nephews and her religious family who will sorely miss her.

Poland - Polish - Polonia, ,

A new bereavement program for Polonia in Chicagoland

From the Niles Herald-Spectator:

A new bereavement program, created by Rainbow Hospice and Palliative Care, offers Polish-language support and resources to Chicago-area residents of Polish heritage as well as Polish-speaking immigrants grieving the loss of a loved one. Bereaved members of the community may call (847) 292-2342 at any time to talk with or leave messages for licensed Polish-speaking counselors and trained volunteers who can answer questions about the grief process, share information about how to help someone who is bereaved and to find assistance with culturally sensitive bereavement support. Along with the Polish Intake Line, the Rainbow Hospice and Palliative Care Bereavement Program also offers a Web portal with Polish-language resources about general grief, children’s bereavement and culturally based programs offered by Rainbow Hospice and Palliative Care. Call (847) 732-4554 or send an E-mail.

Wsparcie w żałobie dla osób polsko-języcznych

Centrum Wsparcia dla Osób w Żałobie przy Hospicjum “Tęcza” w Park Ridge oferuje wiele form pomocy. Jeśli ty lub ktoś kogo znasz potrzebuje wsparcia w tym trudnym okresie po śmierci bliskich, prosimy o kontakt pod numerem, (847) 292-2342.

W każdy czwartek od 9:30 rano do 5:30 po południu polskojęzyczny terapeuta I specjalnie przeszkoleni wolontariusze odpowiedzą na Państwa pytania, udzielą po polsku wyjaśnieś na temat procesu zachodzącego po stracie bliskiej osoby oraz informacji o sposobach pomocy bliskim sobie luzdiom w żalobie, między innymi o tym gdzie znaleźć dla nich wsparcie.

W pozostawe dni tygodnia można będzie zostawić wiadomość na taśmie, a obsługa Polskiej Linii Informacyjnej będzie się z Państwem kontaktować w późniejszym terminie.

Poland - Polish - Polonia,

Polish Legacy Project Conference Report

I am happy to report that I have heard that the Polish Legacy Project was able to accomplish what they set out to do and more this past weekend at the Untold Stories conference. Attendance for the Panels, the Mass and the Reunion was well over 400. Attendees travelled from 9 different states and provinces, one as old as 97.

There were many new friendships made as well as family and community ties strengthened. Many people came away with a much different picture of WWII than the one they entered with.

The Am-Pol Eagle featured several articles on the conference in this week’s edition.

Also, the organizers of the Project are getting to work on a DVD of the conference, updating their website and on planning future events, including a gathering for All Saints/All Souls Day on Nov. 1.

Thank you to all who made this event a success through your help and support.

PNCC, Poland - Polish - Polonia, , ,

Nowy Dziennik features article on the PNCC

Nowy Dziennik, the largest Polish language daily newspaper in the United States, featured an interview with the Very Rev. Paul Sobiechowski of St. Joseph’s Parish in Davie, Florida. My sources inform me that this is the first time in many years that Nowy Dziennik has written on the PNCC. The article is entitled Nasze drzwi są zawsze otwarte (Our doors are always open)

Ksiądz Paul Sobiechowski przed kościołem św. Józefa w Davie, FL. Jest bardzo życzliwy, łatwo dostępny dla parafian i dla wszystkich innych, niezależnie od przekonań, narodowości i stanu posiadania. Urodził się w Detroit, mówi biegle po polsku, aż 17 razy odwiedził Polskę, prowadząc między innymi wycieczki parafian ze Stanów Zjednoczonych.
Ksiądz Paul Sobiechowski przed kościołem św. Józefa w Davie, FL. Jest bardzo życzliwy, łatwo dostępny dla parafian i dla wszystkich innych, niezależnie od przekonań, narodowości i stanu posiadania. Urodził się w Detroit, mówi biegle po polsku, aż 17 razy odwiedził Polskę, prowadząc między innymi wycieczki parafian ze Stanów Zjednoczonych.

Rozmowa z księdzem Paulem Sobiechowskim, pastorem parafii św. Józefa w Davie na Florydzie, należącej do Polskiego Narodowego Kościoła Katolickiego

18 października parafii św. Józefa w Davie odbędzie się Dzień Narodowego Dziedzictwa Kulturowego. Ile osób w USA wie o istnieniu Polskiego Narodowego Kościoła Katolickiego, zna jego historię i działalność?

—“ Prawdopodobnie niewiele. A przecież Kościół ten powstał ponad 100 lat temu właśnie tutaj w Stanach Zjednoczonych, aby lepiej służyć katolickiej amerykańskiej Polonii.

Polacy zawsze byli narodem głęboko wierzącym, o bogatych tradycjach chrześcijańskich. Kiedy zatem w XIX wieku zaczęli masowo emigrować do Ameryki za chlebem, szukali w miastach, w których się znaleźli, kościołów katolickich, gdzie mogliby nie tylko się modlić, ale również spotykać się z innymi, dzielić się swoimi radościami i troskami, szukać pomocy i pocieszenia. Byli to zazwyczaj ludzie prości, słabo wykształceni, niemówiący ani po łacinie, ani też po angielsku.

Kapłanami w kościołach byli przeważnie duchowni pochodzenia irlandzkiego i niemieckiego, czasami francuskiego. Nie rozumieli oni problemów ani zwyczajów polskich emigrantów. Emigranci nie mogli więc poradzić się księdza, nie mogli też wyspowiadać się. Ta sytuacja spowodowała początkowo opór wśród katolików polskiego pochodzenia, a później bunt i odłączenie się od Kościoła rzymsko-katolickiego.

W latach 1897-1904 powstały trzy główne ośrodki Kościoła polsko-katolickiego w Ameryce: w Buffalo, Chicago oraz w Scranton. W roku 1909 ośrodek w Chicago połączył się z ośrodkiem w Scranton, a w roku 1914 dołączył do nich ośrodek w Buffalo. Przyjęto oficjalną nazwę: Polski Narodowy Kościół Katolicki. Przewodził mu ksiądz Franciszek Hodura, który wkrótce potem został wyświęcony na biskupa i dołączył do kościołów starokatolickich.
Trochę później, bo na początku lat dwudziestych XX wieku powstało też kilka parafii w Polsce. Pierwszą była parafia w Bażanówce na Podkarpaciu (w 1921 roku), a drugą parafia w Krakowie, na Podgórzu (w 1922 roku).

Czy nazwa Polski Narodowy Kościół Katolicki oznacza, że jego członkami są tylko wierni pochodzenia polskiego?

—“ Mimo nazwy, kościół nasz jest kościołem służącym wielu narodowościom. Świadczy o tym chociażby fakt, że msze święte w naszej parafii odbywają się w trzech językach: po polsku, po angielsku i po hiszpańsku.

Dzięki postanowieniom II Soboru Watykańskiego i reformie papieża Pawła VI, który w roku 1969 zezwolił na odprawianie mszy w językach narodowych, nie stanowi to już różnicy pomiędzy Kościołem rzymsko-katolickim a Polskim Narodowym Kościołem Katolickim. Jakie są zatem inne różnice?

—“ Wbrew powszechnemu mniemaniu, więcej nas łączy, niż dzieli. Wyznajemy te same dogmaty religijne, wierzymy w jednego Boga w Trójcy Świętej. Oddajemy cześć aniołom, apostołom, świętym i męczennikom. Nasz Kościół uznaje również siedem sakramentów świętych. W sposób szczególny czcimy Maryję Pannę. Nie uznajemy jedynie niepokalanego jej poczęcia. Podkreślam jednak, że jest to dla nas doktryna a nie dogmat religijny i człowiek nie musi w to wierzyć, żeby dostać się do królestwa niebieskiego.

Nie uznajemy również nieomylności papieża oraz jego wszechwładzy w Kościele. Ważne decyzje w sprawach Kościoła zapadają w sposób bardzo demokratyczny. Na każdy synod kościelny, który odbywa się co 4 lata, są wysyłani —“ oprócz kapłanów —“ przedstawiciele parafii: jeden delegat na 50 członków parafii. Organem zarządzającym jest Rada Kościoła, która kieruje pięcioma diecezjami na terenie Stanów Zjednoczonych i Kanady. Zbiera się raz na rok. Protokoły z jej posiedzeń są dostępne w naszym czasopiśmie “Rola Boża”.

Komunię świętą przyjmujemy pod dwoma postaciami: ciała i krwi pańskiej. Osoby laickie nie mogą rozdawać komunii za wyjątkiem, kiedy przy niedostępności księdza sakrament ten chce przyjąć osoba ciężko chora lub umierająca. Spowiedź sprawowana jest w dwóch formach: indywidualnej w konfesjonale i ogólnej, zwanej spowiedzią powszechną.

Siedzibą najwyższych władz kościelnych jest Scranton w stanie Pensylwania. Liczbę wiernych aktualnie ocenia się na około 26 tysięcy.

No dobrze, a co z celibatem? Przecież Ksiądz ma żonę, nieprawdaż?

—“ Tak, mam żonę, którą bardzo kocham. Poznaliśmy się jako bardzo młodzi ludzie i po długim okresie narzeczeństwa (cztery i pół roku) postanowiliśmy doznać sakramentu małżeństwa. Nasz 21-letni syn służy teraz w armii amerykańskiej (US Marine Corps). Zawsze chciałem mieć rodzinę, dzieci i jednocześnie służyć Bogu. Rodzina daje mi poczucie równowagi, dodaje sił i radości. Sprawia, że jestem naprawdę szczęśliwy.

Moja żona jest prawdziwym partnerem w związku, pełni również funkcję organistki w naszej parafii. Pomaga mi w działalności charytatywnej kościoła.

To, że jestem mężem i ojcem, pomaga mi zrozumieć problemy rodzinne moich parafian, doradzać im w ich drodze życiowej, w przekazywaniu dobrych wzorców rodzinnych dzieciom.

Czyli, zdaniem Księdza, celibat w kapłaństwie powinien być wyborem, a nie nakazem?

—“ Zdecydowanie tak. Często zapominamy, że przez ponad 1000 lat, od początku istnienia chrześcijaństwa, apostołowie i księża mieli rodziny i nikogo to nie gorszyło. Wręcz przeciwnie —“ pomagało funkcjonować kapłanom w społeczeństwie. Idea obowiązującego celibatu powstała w Hiszpanii, na początku IV wieku. W roku 580 papież Pelagiusz II ogłosił, że powinno się tolerować małżeństwa wśród księży, jednak nie mogą oni zapisywać dóbr materialnych swoim rodzinom.

A śluby czystości?

—“ Ten, kto je złoży, powinien ich dotrzymać. Tego typu decyzja powinna wynikać z wewnętrznej potrzeby, a nie z nakazu. Należy również pamiętać, że małżeństwo jest jednym z sakramentów i tak też powinno być pojmowane. W obecnych czasach zbyt lekko traktuje się przysięgę małżeńską. Ludzie szybko się żenią, a kiedy miną pierwsze uniesienia —“ często zniechęcają się przy najmniejszych kłopotach z partnerem i rozwodzą się zbyt łatwo, zamiast próbować odbudować harmonię w związku.

Jakie jest miejsce Waszego kościoła wśród polonijnej społeczności na Florydzie?

—“ Nasz kościół —“ mimo pięknych witraży przedstawiających stacje Drogi Krzyżowej —“ jest bardzo skromny. Prawie wszystkie pieniądze pochodzące z ofiar naszych wiernych lub też z akcji zbierania funduszy przeznaczamy na pomoc ludziom w ciężkiej sytuacji, zwłaszcza dzieciom. Uczestniczymy w programie EASE. Jest to skrót od angielskiej nazwy organizacji charytatywnej —“ The Davie Emergency Assistance Service Effort. Celem tej organizacji jest zapobieganie bezdomności i doraźna, szybka pomoc w krytycznych sytuacjach dla rodzin zubożałych nagle, na skutek utraty pracy i ogólnego kryzysu ekonomicznego. W ciągu ostatniego roku —“ dzięki tej organizacji —“ prawie 500 rodzin otrzymało żywność i artykuły codziennego użytku oraz zabawki dla dzieci w okresie Świąt Dziękczynienia i Bożego Narodzenia. Nasza mała parafia dostarczyła taką pomoc aż 54 rodzinom.

Skąd pochodzą pieniądze na tę pomoc?

—“ Wspaniałym pomysłem na gromadzenie funduszy przeznaczonych na pomaganie dzieciom i rodzinom potrzebującym w Polsce jest akceptacja ofiary (przykładowo —“ w wysokości 25 centów) za dekoracyjne znaczki Świętego Mikołaja, które w okresie świątecznym są rozprowadzane przez naszą parafię. Inicjatorem tej akcji 20 lat temu był pan Robert Strybel z Polski. Trwa to do dzisiaj.

Co macie w planach parafii na najbliższą przyszłość?

—“ Dwie bardzo ważne imprezy! 18 października —“ Dzień Narodowego Dziedzictwa Kulturowego, a w grudniu, w trzecią niedzielę adwentu o godz. 5 po południu w naszym kościele w Davie odbędzie się już po raz 18 koncert “Candlelight 2009”, połączony z kolacją. Impreza zawsze cieszy się bardzo dużym powodzeniem. Są to występy artystyczne przedstawicieli różnych grup narodowościowych. W ubiegłym roku na imprezę przyszło około 250 osób. Było ciekawie, wzruszająco, kolorowo oraz smacznie. Zapraszamy!

W parafii św. Józefa będą również odbywać się zebrania Polskiego Legionu Weteranów Amerykańskich oraz zebrania Kongresu Polsko-Amerykańskiego na Florydzie, którego prezesem jest prof. dr. Zdzisław Wesołowski. Pragnę podkreślić, że drzwi naszego kościoła są zawsze otwarte i dla wszystkich.

Dziękuję Księdzu za rozmowę.

ROZMAWIAفA: ANIA NAVAS

St. Joseph’s Polish National Catholic Church
służy wiernym na Florydzie od 1956 roku
5401 SW 64 Avenue
Davie, Florida 33314
tel. (954) 581-5293

Msze święte odprawiane są:
Sobota: 7 pm —“ w języku hiszpańskim
Niedziela: 9 am —“ po angielsku; 11 am —“ po polsku
W tygodniu: 8:30 am —“ w języku angielskim

Poland - Polish - Polonia, , , ,

Polish Genealogical Society of Massachusetts meeting

The Polish Genealogical Society of Massachusetts will meet at the Worcester Public Library on Saturday, October 24. The topic will be —Worcester’s Polish Community, 1880-1980.—

The speaker will be Barbara Proko, coauthor of The Polish Community of Worcester and Worcester County’s Polish Community. She will detail the waves of immigration that have made the Poles the fourth largest ethnic group in Worcester, their social and cultural institutions, and their work and home life over the decades.

The meeting is open to the public. It will begin at 1:30 p.m. in the Saxe Room, with brief society announcements and election of new officers preceding the talk. The library is located at 3 Salem Square in downtown Worcester.

Zapraszamy!

Poland - Polish - Polonia, , , , , , , ,

Polish and Fall Festivals Galore

image0038th Annual PolishFest ’09 at the Blessed Virgin Mary of Częstochowa Polish National Catholic Church through Sunday, September 27th.

Portland, Oregon’s Polish Festival 2009 on Failing Street between the Polish Library built in 1911 and St. Stanislaus Church built in 1907, both located on N. Interstate Avenue in Portland Oregon through Sunday, September 27th.

Polish National Catholic Church of The Good Shepherd’s Fall festival at 269 E. Main St., Plymouth,. Pennsylvania. The second Fall Festival will be held from noon-9 p.m. on Saturday, October 3rd. There will be ethnic food, homemade pies and cookies, games, crafts, a basket auction, and music by classic DJ’s. For more information, call 570-824-1560.

Poland - Polish - Polonia, Political, , , , ,

For my fellow amateur genealogists

From Ancestry Magazine: Russian, German, and Austrian Ancestors in Poland by Raymond S. Wright IIIRaymond S. Wright III is a professor at Brigham Young University, where he teaches genealogical research methods, European family history, and German and Latin paleography. He writes regularly for a variety of genealogy publications and gives conference lectures. Professor Wright is the author of The Genealogist’s Handbook (Chicago: American Library Association, 1995).. The footnotes are mine.

Why do many Austrian, Russian, and German emigrants to America identify home towns that are in Poland? The answer is that Poland has been both an autonomous state and a collection of provinces under German, Austrian, and Russian rule. Norman Davies, author of God’s Playground: A History of Poland (2 vols., New York: Columbia University Press, 1982) suggests that today’s Republic of Poland is not the successor to previous versions of a Polish state. Each incarnation of Poland was unique in its boundaries and in the makeup of its society.

The nation of Poland traces its origins to the Slavic tribes living between the Oder and Vistula rivers on the northern European plain that stretches from the Atlantic in the west to the Ural Mountains in the eastThe country was officially “formed” with the baptism of Mieszko I in 966.. In 1563, through the union of the kingdoms of Poland and Lithuania, the authority of the Polish crown extended to an area that included all of modern Poland, Lithuania, White Russia, and Ukraine. And yet, by 1795, Poland had ceased to exist as a nation.

Divide and Conquer

In the last half of the eighteenth century, Polish nobles, seeking to fortify their power, vetoed any attempt by a king to establish a strong central authority. Poland’s neighbors, seeing her weakness and fearing that one or the other of them might gain an advantage by taking over Poland, decided to divide it among themThis is a very limited description of the situation. A prime impetus for invasion and division was the establishment of the Constitution of May 3rd in 1791. The monarchs of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia saw this as a direct threat to their rule, something that had to be stopped.. The partitions of 1772, 1793, and 1795 left northern and western Poland to the Prussians (West Prussia, Posen, and Mazovia), southern Poland to the Austrians (Galicia and Lodomeria), and eastern Poland to Russia (including Lithuania, White Russia, and Eastern Ukraine). Twelve years later, in 1807, Napoleon nullified the partitions by establishing the Grand Duchy of Poland. After Napoleon’s defeat, the Treaty of Vienna (1815) restored Posen to Prussia and Galicia to Austria. Most of the Russian partition was returned to Russia. At the Congress of Vienna the central region of Poland, with Warsaw, was created as a kingdom, popularly known as the Congress Kingdom of Poland. The Emperor of Russia was made the king of this new kingdom. Continual uprisings by the Polish against the Russians led to complete incorporation of Congress Poland into the Russian Empire by 1874.

The city of Cracow and its environs, in northeastern Galicia, was not returned to Austria by the Treaty of Vienna. Instead, the treaty gave the area autonomy as the Republic of Cracow. It remained the only independent part of Poland until 1846. A peasant uprising against landowners in 1846 invited Austrian intervention, and the Republic of Cracow was annexed to Austrian Galicia that year.

United at Last

Until the end of the First World War, Poland remained an idea rather than a nation. Then, from 1918 to 1921, wars and plebiscites produced a new Polish republic in control of virtually all of the regions that were lost to Russia and Austria in the partitions. This republic also included the former German-ruled areas of Posen, northern Silesia, and a corridor to the Baltic Sea that cut a swath through what had been the western borderland of West PrussiaPrussia being a term co-opted by Germany for the purpose of land grabs. Germans are not Prussians in any sense. Prussians as a distinct ethnic group had ceased to exist. What was formally Prussia, the territory of ethnic Prussians, was always part of Poland either directly, as a dukedom, or a fief..

The Republic of Poland’s life was a short one. On 27 December 1939, Poland capitulated to German invaders; the Germans divided their spoils with their Soviet allies, who had invaded Poland from the east. By 1945, the tables had turned, and the Germans surrendered Poland to the Soviets, who were now in league with the United States, Britain, and France. The stage was set for the birth of a new Poland. Ukraine, White Russia, all of Lithuania, and the northern half of East Prussia were excluded from the new Peoples’ Republic of PolandThis became the Kaliningrad Oblast- never part of Russia, but part of Poland with its main city being Królewiec.. Its northern border extended to the Baltic and its southern border to the Carpathian Mountains. The western border followed the Neisse River north to its confluence with the Oder River, continuing north along the Oder and then north-northeast to Swinoujście on the Baltic coast. Poland’s southeastern border intersected the boundary with Slovakia where the San River originates in the Carpathian Mountains. The border then followed a line north to the Bug River and paralleled the river on its northward course. Then, at Brest, the borderline ran in a northern direction another 160 miles before turning west to end in the Baltic Sea near the Polish city of Braniewo. These boundaries have endured to the present day, although the Peoples’ Republic of Poland has not. As the Soviet Empire collapsed, the Soviet-supported government in Warsaw also dissolved. The Republic of Poland was born in 1989. Today Poland is led by a popularly-elected government and is eager to assume its place in the community of independent nations.

Records Recovered

During the first years after the Second World War, non-Polish minorities fled Poland, leaving it a nation whose citizens were almost all Polish—“unlike any of the Polands of the pastVery true – Poland was multi-ethnic and much more like the “melting pot” often used to describe the United States.. As the inhabitants of post-war Poland cleared away the rubble of their destroyed cities, they discovered that many of the records created by past rulers of Poland had survived the war. A national system of state archives was established to preserve and organize these records. Archives were established in capital cities and in other cities in each województwo (province). These state archives were (and still are) administered by the National Directorate of State Archives in Warsaw. Each provincial archives’ office gathered and preserved the historical records created within the area now encompassed by the provincial boundaries. All records older than one hundred years were to be turned over to these archives. Most civil agencies complied, but churches were reluctant to participate, preferring to keep their records or turn them over to central church archives.

While identifying records, archivists discovered gaps in record series. At first it was supposed that these records had been destroyed or lost. As communication with archivists in neighboring nations improved, however, it was discovered that many records had been taken out of Poland during the post-war exodus of non-Poles to neighboring countries. Consequently, family historians must sometimes seek ancestral records in several locations. During the Second World War Poland fell first under German control and then, at the end of the war, under Soviet authority. Records relating to the war years, as well as alienated records from earlier periods of history, may be found in German, Russian, White Russian, and Ukrainian archives today. The archives in these countries are managed by central archives administrations, the addresses of which can be found in these publications: The World of Learning (London: Europa Publications, 1948—”) and Ernest Thode’s The German Genealogist’s Address Book (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1997) See also Polish Roots by Rosemary A. Chorzempa..

Provincial Archives

Each province in Poland is named after its capital cityThis is blatantly incorrect. See this map.. Each of these capitals houses a state archives which preserve records from the area covered by the province. Some of the records are housed in branch archives at several locations in the province. The map at left shows these provincial capitals. Researchers will find records for ancestral home towns, or at least directions about where they are, by communicating with archives staff in provincial capitals near their forebears’ towns of origin. Rather than guess which archives to contact, family historians can also write to the National Directorate of State Archives in Warsaw. For many years, this office has coordinated all inquiries from genealogical researchers. The archives’ staff in Warsaw will direct researchers’ letters to the appropriate archives. The address for the headquarters of the Polish state archives is Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, skr. poczt. 1005, ul. Długa 6, 00—”950 Warsaw, Poland.

Until recently, family historians wanting to use archival resources in Poland were required to obtain written permission from the office of the National Director of State Archives in Warsaw. Today, the directors in provincial state archives have authority to grant access to the sources in their archives. Family historians should write to request permission to visit the archives well in advance of visiting Poland.

Church Records

Today, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, UniateActually Greek Catholic – Churches under Rome, and Protestant churches in Poland generally preserve records at the parish level, although some are in central church archives. To learn where parish records are, a letter to the archdiocese or diocese for the area is necessary. Addresses can be sought in the publications noted above, or through a researcher’s nearest Polish consulate or embassy…

Before family researchers write to archives, it’s best to learn whether the Family History Library in Salt Lake City has microfilmed church or other records from the town in question. The library has a large collection of church records from Poland. These records can be found using the locality search option in the Family History Library Catalog. The records are described in the catalog under the applicable Polish, German, and Russian names for each locality.

Understanding why German, Austrian, and Russian ancestors came to America from towns now in Poland will help researchers discover where ancestors’ records may be found today. Genealogists should visit their local libraries, especially college libraries, to search for atlases of the German, Austrian, and Russian empires published before 1918. The maps contained in these books will aid efforts to locate exactly where ancestors’ home towns were. German, Austrian, and Russian gazetteers from this same time period will describe smaller communities and help simplify the search for towns in atlases…

Current Events, , , , ,

A generation defined

From the Buffalo News (an older story): France honors WWII hero: Veteran took part in Normandy battle which is an ode to the sons and daughters of immigrants. Men like Mr. Pawlik were part of a great generation, not in the marketing sense of the term, but in the way that service, honor, and sacrifice were part of their very being. It came from family, neighborhood, and Church.

Blood shed during World War II never is far from Joseph E. Pawlik’s mind.

In addition to scrapbook photos, medals and recordings of the war stories he once told, a piece of shrapnel still lodged near his spine serves as a reminder.

Pawlik, now 89, was struck by artillery fire in 1944, during the invasion of Normandy at the Battle of Merderet River.

—He carries with him an all-too-difficult memory of his service that day,— said Assemblyman Robin Schimminger, D-Kenmore.

Monday afternoon, with small American flags on the laps of many in a room at Buffalo’s Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pawlik was named chevalier —” the equivalent of —knight— in English —” of the Legion of Honor by the French government for his contribution to France’s liberation during World War II.

The honor, dating back to 1802 under Napoleon, was conferred April 16 in a decree by French President Nicolas Sarkozy.

—Today, you are our hero,— said Pascal Soares, honorary consul of France in Buffalo, as he presented Pawlik the honor.

As a young man in Buffalo’s Black Rock neighborhood, Pawlik was eager to assist his country at war. He enlisted as a paratrooper and served as a technical sergeant.

Pawlik’s selfless nature would carry him through the war.

Three months after receiving a Purple Heart as a result of fighting at Merderet River, Pawlik was back in the front lines.

He didn’t want to leave the troops,— his daughter Terry Hans explained. —They needed him.—

In 1945, on a bitter winter day at Dead Man’s Ridge in Belgium, no one needed Pawlik more than his sergeant, who was wounded. As others took safety in their foxhole, Pawlik left his comfort zone to help his comrade to safety.

James Benz, a Vietnam veteran, was on hand as his friend was honored. —I’m very proud,— Benz, 61, said of Pawlik. —He’s like another father to me.—

Sto Lat! Mr. Pawlik, Sto Lat!