Category: Poland – Polish – Polonia

Poetry, Poland - Polish - Polonia

September 29 – Rain, autumn rain by Marian Matyszkiewicz “Rysiek”

Rain, autumn rain
Playing its sad songs.
Wet are our guns,
Helmets covered in rust.

Carry the dew away,
In this tearful world
My rucksack soaked
Only eighteen years.

Rain, autumn rain
Drumming steel helmets.
You go, young soldier,
Somewhere far unknown.

Perhaps however God
Will grant, you return again.
You will rest clear headed
Peaceful be your dreams ……

Rain, autumn rain
Playing its sad songs.
Wet are our guns,
Helmets covered in rust.

Carry the dew away,
In this tearful world
My rucksack soaked
Only eighteen years.

Translation by Dcn Jim

Deszcz, jesienny deszcz
Smutne pieśni gra.
Mokną na nim karabiny,
Hełmy kryje rdza.

Nieś po rosie w dal,
W zapłakany świat
Przemoczone pod plecakiem
Osiemnaście lat.

Deszcz, jesienny deszcz
Bębni w hełmu stal.
Idziesz, młody żołnierzyku,
Gdzieś w nieznaną dal.

Może jednak Bóg
Da, że wrócisz znów.
Będziesz tulił jasną główkę
Miłej swej do snu ……

Deszcz, jesienny deszcz
Smutne pieśni gra.
Mokną na nim karabiny,
Hełmy kryje rdza.

Nieś po rosie w dal,
W zapłakany świat
Przemoczone pod plecakiem
Osiemnaście lat.

Poland - Polish - Polonia, , , , , , , ,

Polish and Fall Festivals Galore

image0038th Annual PolishFest ’09 at the Blessed Virgin Mary of Częstochowa Polish National Catholic Church through Sunday, September 27th.

Portland, Oregon’s Polish Festival 2009 on Failing Street between the Polish Library built in 1911 and St. Stanislaus Church built in 1907, both located on N. Interstate Avenue in Portland Oregon through Sunday, September 27th.

Polish National Catholic Church of The Good Shepherd’s Fall festival at 269 E. Main St., Plymouth,. Pennsylvania. The second Fall Festival will be held from noon-9 p.m. on Saturday, October 3rd. There will be ethnic food, homemade pies and cookies, games, crafts, a basket auction, and music by classic DJ’s. For more information, call 570-824-1560.

Poland - Polish - Polonia, Political, , , , ,

For my fellow amateur genealogists

From Ancestry Magazine: Russian, German, and Austrian Ancestors in Poland by Raymond S. Wright IIIRaymond S. Wright III is a professor at Brigham Young University, where he teaches genealogical research methods, European family history, and German and Latin paleography. He writes regularly for a variety of genealogy publications and gives conference lectures. Professor Wright is the author of The Genealogist’s Handbook (Chicago: American Library Association, 1995).. The footnotes are mine.

Why do many Austrian, Russian, and German emigrants to America identify home towns that are in Poland? The answer is that Poland has been both an autonomous state and a collection of provinces under German, Austrian, and Russian rule. Norman Davies, author of God’s Playground: A History of Poland (2 vols., New York: Columbia University Press, 1982) suggests that today’s Republic of Poland is not the successor to previous versions of a Polish state. Each incarnation of Poland was unique in its boundaries and in the makeup of its society.

The nation of Poland traces its origins to the Slavic tribes living between the Oder and Vistula rivers on the northern European plain that stretches from the Atlantic in the west to the Ural Mountains in the eastThe country was officially “formed” with the baptism of Mieszko I in 966.. In 1563, through the union of the kingdoms of Poland and Lithuania, the authority of the Polish crown extended to an area that included all of modern Poland, Lithuania, White Russia, and Ukraine. And yet, by 1795, Poland had ceased to exist as a nation.

Divide and Conquer

In the last half of the eighteenth century, Polish nobles, seeking to fortify their power, vetoed any attempt by a king to establish a strong central authority. Poland’s neighbors, seeing her weakness and fearing that one or the other of them might gain an advantage by taking over Poland, decided to divide it among themThis is a very limited description of the situation. A prime impetus for invasion and division was the establishment of the Constitution of May 3rd in 1791. The monarchs of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia saw this as a direct threat to their rule, something that had to be stopped.. The partitions of 1772, 1793, and 1795 left northern and western Poland to the Prussians (West Prussia, Posen, and Mazovia), southern Poland to the Austrians (Galicia and Lodomeria), and eastern Poland to Russia (including Lithuania, White Russia, and Eastern Ukraine). Twelve years later, in 1807, Napoleon nullified the partitions by establishing the Grand Duchy of Poland. After Napoleon’s defeat, the Treaty of Vienna (1815) restored Posen to Prussia and Galicia to Austria. Most of the Russian partition was returned to Russia. At the Congress of Vienna the central region of Poland, with Warsaw, was created as a kingdom, popularly known as the Congress Kingdom of Poland. The Emperor of Russia was made the king of this new kingdom. Continual uprisings by the Polish against the Russians led to complete incorporation of Congress Poland into the Russian Empire by 1874.

The city of Cracow and its environs, in northeastern Galicia, was not returned to Austria by the Treaty of Vienna. Instead, the treaty gave the area autonomy as the Republic of Cracow. It remained the only independent part of Poland until 1846. A peasant uprising against landowners in 1846 invited Austrian intervention, and the Republic of Cracow was annexed to Austrian Galicia that year.

United at Last

Until the end of the First World War, Poland remained an idea rather than a nation. Then, from 1918 to 1921, wars and plebiscites produced a new Polish republic in control of virtually all of the regions that were lost to Russia and Austria in the partitions. This republic also included the former German-ruled areas of Posen, northern Silesia, and a corridor to the Baltic Sea that cut a swath through what had been the western borderland of West PrussiaPrussia being a term co-opted by Germany for the purpose of land grabs. Germans are not Prussians in any sense. Prussians as a distinct ethnic group had ceased to exist. What was formally Prussia, the territory of ethnic Prussians, was always part of Poland either directly, as a dukedom, or a fief..

The Republic of Poland’s life was a short one. On 27 December 1939, Poland capitulated to German invaders; the Germans divided their spoils with their Soviet allies, who had invaded Poland from the east. By 1945, the tables had turned, and the Germans surrendered Poland to the Soviets, who were now in league with the United States, Britain, and France. The stage was set for the birth of a new Poland. Ukraine, White Russia, all of Lithuania, and the northern half of East Prussia were excluded from the new Peoples’ Republic of PolandThis became the Kaliningrad Oblast- never part of Russia, but part of Poland with its main city being Królewiec.. Its northern border extended to the Baltic and its southern border to the Carpathian Mountains. The western border followed the Neisse River north to its confluence with the Oder River, continuing north along the Oder and then north-northeast to Swinoujście on the Baltic coast. Poland’s southeastern border intersected the boundary with Slovakia where the San River originates in the Carpathian Mountains. The border then followed a line north to the Bug River and paralleled the river on its northward course. Then, at Brest, the borderline ran in a northern direction another 160 miles before turning west to end in the Baltic Sea near the Polish city of Braniewo. These boundaries have endured to the present day, although the Peoples’ Republic of Poland has not. As the Soviet Empire collapsed, the Soviet-supported government in Warsaw also dissolved. The Republic of Poland was born in 1989. Today Poland is led by a popularly-elected government and is eager to assume its place in the community of independent nations.

Records Recovered

During the first years after the Second World War, non-Polish minorities fled Poland, leaving it a nation whose citizens were almost all Polish—“unlike any of the Polands of the pastVery true – Poland was multi-ethnic and much more like the “melting pot” often used to describe the United States.. As the inhabitants of post-war Poland cleared away the rubble of their destroyed cities, they discovered that many of the records created by past rulers of Poland had survived the war. A national system of state archives was established to preserve and organize these records. Archives were established in capital cities and in other cities in each województwo (province). These state archives were (and still are) administered by the National Directorate of State Archives in Warsaw. Each provincial archives’ office gathered and preserved the historical records created within the area now encompassed by the provincial boundaries. All records older than one hundred years were to be turned over to these archives. Most civil agencies complied, but churches were reluctant to participate, preferring to keep their records or turn them over to central church archives.

While identifying records, archivists discovered gaps in record series. At first it was supposed that these records had been destroyed or lost. As communication with archivists in neighboring nations improved, however, it was discovered that many records had been taken out of Poland during the post-war exodus of non-Poles to neighboring countries. Consequently, family historians must sometimes seek ancestral records in several locations. During the Second World War Poland fell first under German control and then, at the end of the war, under Soviet authority. Records relating to the war years, as well as alienated records from earlier periods of history, may be found in German, Russian, White Russian, and Ukrainian archives today. The archives in these countries are managed by central archives administrations, the addresses of which can be found in these publications: The World of Learning (London: Europa Publications, 1948—”) and Ernest Thode’s The German Genealogist’s Address Book (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1997) See also Polish Roots by Rosemary A. Chorzempa..

Provincial Archives

Each province in Poland is named after its capital cityThis is blatantly incorrect. See this map.. Each of these capitals houses a state archives which preserve records from the area covered by the province. Some of the records are housed in branch archives at several locations in the province. The map at left shows these provincial capitals. Researchers will find records for ancestral home towns, or at least directions about where they are, by communicating with archives staff in provincial capitals near their forebears’ towns of origin. Rather than guess which archives to contact, family historians can also write to the National Directorate of State Archives in Warsaw. For many years, this office has coordinated all inquiries from genealogical researchers. The archives’ staff in Warsaw will direct researchers’ letters to the appropriate archives. The address for the headquarters of the Polish state archives is Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, skr. poczt. 1005, ul. Długa 6, 00—”950 Warsaw, Poland.

Until recently, family historians wanting to use archival resources in Poland were required to obtain written permission from the office of the National Director of State Archives in Warsaw. Today, the directors in provincial state archives have authority to grant access to the sources in their archives. Family historians should write to request permission to visit the archives well in advance of visiting Poland.

Church Records

Today, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, UniateActually Greek Catholic – Churches under Rome, and Protestant churches in Poland generally preserve records at the parish level, although some are in central church archives. To learn where parish records are, a letter to the archdiocese or diocese for the area is necessary. Addresses can be sought in the publications noted above, or through a researcher’s nearest Polish consulate or embassy…

Before family researchers write to archives, it’s best to learn whether the Family History Library in Salt Lake City has microfilmed church or other records from the town in question. The library has a large collection of church records from Poland. These records can be found using the locality search option in the Family History Library Catalog. The records are described in the catalog under the applicable Polish, German, and Russian names for each locality.

Understanding why German, Austrian, and Russian ancestors came to America from towns now in Poland will help researchers discover where ancestors’ records may be found today. Genealogists should visit their local libraries, especially college libraries, to search for atlases of the German, Austrian, and Russian empires published before 1918. The maps contained in these books will aid efforts to locate exactly where ancestors’ home towns were. German, Austrian, and Russian gazetteers from this same time period will describe smaller communities and help simplify the search for towns in atlases…

Perspective, PNCC, Poland - Polish - Polonia, , ,

Around the R.C. Church

From Jacksonville.com: Catholic Church sees influx of foreign-born priests: Priests from other nations are needed to meet shortages

Fully agree with the movement toward tradition. The problem of course is inculturation. There are sets of preconceived expectations on the part of the priests and the people and it takes time to adjust. Sometimes it can be a train wreck rather than a God-send.

The Rev. Andy Blaszkowski’s English is clear, but his Polish accent unmistakable as he reads from the Gospel and preaches during Masses at the Cathedral-Basilica of St. Augustine.

During a recent service for some 300 parish school children, he told them the Eucharist is a “geeft” from God and that they should rely on their faith for direction in how to “leaf” their “lifes.”

But that was OK with 24-year-old parishioner Jason Craig, who traded Presbyterianism for Catholicism three years ago.

“I’m a convert, so it’s new and unique for me” to hear accents from the pulpit, Craig said. “In other denominations, there are no foreign priests, so it really shows the universality of the Catholic Church.”

It also shows the future for the American church and the Jacksonville-based Catholic Diocese of St. Augustine. Studies and church officials are reporting that seminaries and parish priest openings are increasingly being filled by men from other nations. And given the shortage of priests in the United States, few Catholics complain about the trend.

Study: more foreign-born priests

According to The Associated Press, a new report reveals that the latest and next generations of priests, brothers, sisters and nuns who belong to Roman Catholic religious orders in the U.S. are more ethnically diverse and tradition-bound than their predecessors.

The report confirmed what many have speculated: The few orders that are attracting and retaining younger members are more traditional. That generally means fidelity to the church and other members of the order, living in a community, taking part in daily devotions and wearing a habit.

The familiar white and black habits of nuns teaching elementary school or the robes worn by some fathers and brothers were shed by many orders as remnants of clericalism in the last 40 or 50 years, but a younger generation sees them as tangible displays of their faith and symbols of fidelity to church and community.

“This younger generation is seeking an identity, a religious identity as well as a Catholic identity,” Brother Paul Bednarczyk, executive director of the Chicago-based National Religious Vocation Conference, a professional organization of Catholic religious vocation directors, told The Associated Press. “Symbolism, images and ritual is all very important to this generation, and they want to give witness to their faith.”…

From Pew: Poll: Six in 10 U.S. Catholics ambivalent about Latin Mass

Of course the problem is that it is about Latin over right faith and right belief. A continuum is important and vital to renewal in the R.C. Church, but shouldn’t be sacrificed on the pyre of Latin-or-bust.

Two years after Pope Benedict XVI eased restrictions on celebrating the Latin Mass, more than six in 10 American Catholics have no opinion on the return of the traditional liturgy, according to a new survey.

In 2007, Benedict told priests to work with local parishioners when there is a “stable group” interested in the Latin Mass, which is celebrated in Latin by a priest facing away from the congregation. The Mass dates to the 16th century but fell out of use after the reforms of the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s.

Benedict said the move was intended to promote “reconciliation” with Catholics disaffected by the contemporary version of the liturgy and to encourage greater “reverence” during worship.

According to Georgetown University’s Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate, one in four U.S. Catholics favors having the Latin Mass as a liturgical option, 12 percent oppose it, and 63 percent have “no opinion.”

Only three in 10 U.S. Catholics who do not oppose bringing back the Latin Mass — equivalent to about 5.7 Catholics — say they would attend the service if it was convenient, according to CARA. Apathy was most prevalent among Catholics born after 1982 — 78 percent said they have no opinion Benedict bringing back the Latin Mass…

From the Baltimore Sun: Episcopal nuns’ exit widens rift: As sect ordains women and gays, Catonsville sisters become Catholic

They are right. The Catholic faith is untenable in the face of such innovations.

In a move that religious scholars say is unprecedented, 10 of the 12 nuns at an Episcopal convent in Catonsville left their church Thursday to become Roman Catholics, the latest defectors from a denomination divided over the ordination of gay men and women.

The members of the All Saints Sisters of the Poor were welcomed into the Catholic Church by Archbishop Edwin F. O’Brien, who confirmed the women during a Mass in their chapel. Each vowed to continue the tradition of consecrated life, now as a religious institute within the Archdiocese of Baltimore.

“We know our beliefs and where we are,” said Mother Christina Christie, superior of the order that came to Baltimore in 1872. “We were drifting farther apart from the more liberal road the Episcopal Church is traveling. We are now more at home in the Roman Catholic Church.”

Also joining the church was the Rev. Warren Tanghe, the sisters’ chaplain. In a statement, Episcopal Bishop Eugene Taylor Sutton wished them God’s blessings.

“Despite the sadness we feel in having to say farewell, our mutual joy is that we remain as one spiritual family of faith, one body in Christ,” he said…

From Voice from the Dessert on the former Bishop of Scranton: Why did the bishop of Scranton, Pa., resign? Though Bishop Martino is gone, the diocese’s future may be set

A lot to this article — a few excerpts below and of course mention of the PNCC.

Like Cardinal Egan in New York, Bishop Martino’s personality and work habits were exactly what was ordered for the hatchet job he was to perform. Really, I’m astonished at all the wonderment this resignation has raised. The Roman Church sends the man that they feel is needed for the job. It has nothing to do with being liked, that’s reserved for the man they send to be pastoral. Of course the big problem is that’s the way corporations are run, not the way the Church should be run. The need for change and being pastoral can be reconciled, they are not mutually exclusive. This was simply a choice for expediency sake. I pray for Bishop Martino… to do one’s duty and to be distanced from love is a terrible cross.

When Bishop Joseph F. Martino resigned Aug. 31 after six tumultuous years as bishop of Scranton, Pa., he left behind a diocese badly divided and demoralized, but, ironically, better prepared for the future than it was in 2003.

Sources contacted by NCR said the problem was Martino’s remote, uncommunicative and often authoritarian leadership style, not his decisions to close nearly half the Catholic schools and 40 percent of the parishes in the northeastern Pennsylvania diocese.

One longtime pastor said the parish and school closings and mergers —were absolutely needed.— He predicted that the basic program of restructuring the parishes, scheduled to be completed by 2012, will continue —pretty much as planned, with perhaps some fine tuning,— regardless of who the next bishop is. The basic program of school closings is already completed.

For months preceding his resignation —” at the age of 63, 12 years before the usual retirement age for bishops —” rumors flew around the diocese that the increasingly unpopular bishop had been called to Rome in June and had been asked, urged or maybe even ordered to submit his resignation.

No one contacted could offer positive evidence to confirm or rebut the speculation.
—It is very unusual for a bishop to resign at 63 years of age— and the Vatican would accept such a resignation only for exceptional reasons, said Jesuit Fr. Thomas J. Reese, a senior fellow at Woodstock Theological Center in Washington.

At the same time, —it is extremely rare for the Vatican to pressure a bishop to resign,— said Reese, author of three in-depth studies on how U.S. bishops and the Vatican exercise authority, pastoral leadership and administrative duties.

At the press conference announcing his resignation, Martino said he did so for health reasons, including —bouts of insomnia and, at times, crippling physical fatigue.— But he also acknowledged that his recent physical ailments stemmed from the stress and sorrow he felt over the lack of a —clear consensus among the clergy and the people of the diocese of Scranton regarding my pastoral initiatives or my method of governance.—

He said the diocese needs a —physically vigorous— bishop to lead it into the future and —I am not that bishop.—

—I think the bishop seems to have recognized that there really was a need for new leadership,— said Reese.

—I congratulate him for his courage and willingness— to face that and resign, he added. —I only wish a few other bishops would do the same.—

Mary Ann Paulukonis, who recently retired as Scranton diocesan family life director, said that when Martino first arrived in October 2003, —he came with a vision that excited most of us. … Initially he was friendly and open and easy to dialogue with.—

But that started to change as the problems of the diocese emerged, she said. —I don’t think he expected— the serious financial problems that were facing the diocese and its schools and parishes.

—There were parishes in debt— with no way to pay it off —and some of the schools were bleeding,— she said.

Reorganization

Just one month after his arrival, Martino announced to the staff that one of his first priorities was going to be restructuring to tackle the debt problem, Paulukonis said, and that winter he announced his intention to reorganize the schools.

In the meantime he also began reorganizing diocesan offices to cut administrative costs and installed four regional episcopal vicars to serve as his chief deputies on all church matters in those parts of the diocese.

—When troubles started occurring, he wasn’t available. A leader who is invisible is the enemy. People started misinterpreting [things Martino said or did]. … He was a villain— in people’s perception of him, she said.

She, Milz and the pastor who asked not to be named all said the bishop’s unilateral decertification of the Catholic teachers’ union in January 2008, right after the schools had all been consolidated and regrouped administratively under four regional diocesan structures, marked a new turning point in the bishop’s souring relations with the faithful —” most of them descendants of Irish, Polish, Italian and other immigrants who owed their entry into the American middle class to church-supported unions.

Union factor

Scranton’s union history is a major factor here. In the mid-19th century, the city grew rapidly because of iron ore veins in hills a little to the south, substantial anthracite coal deposits to the south and north, and the steel industry in town that melded the two natural resources.

Northeast Pennsylvania was the birthplace of the United Mine Workers, and founder John Mitchell converted to Catholicism largely because of local church support for coal mine workers’ efforts to unionize and obtain better living standards. Mitchell is buried in the Scranton cathedral’s cemetery and there is a monument to him next to the Lackawanna County Court House in Scranton, scene of a key decision ending the historic 1902 strike of anthracite coal miners in the area.

A longtime theology professor at one of the local Catholic universities who is involved in many Catholic activities and organizations locally and nationally —” who also asked to remain unidentified, not for personal concerns but for fear of diocesan repercussions for the university where he teaches —” said the longtime union culture in the diocese was one of the key factors in the division between Martino and his priests and people in the past couple of years.

The theologian said the religious conservatism and the history of ethnic tensions of Catholics in the Scranton diocese —” including the century-old Polish National Catholic church [sic] schism from Roman Catholicism, which started with an Irish-American bishop’s insensitivity to a Polish national parish in Scranton —” are also major factors that have to be taken into account in any assessment of the complex negative response of local priests and laity to Martino’s style of governance.

In many cities in the diocese, national parishes for Poles, Italians, Irish or other Catholic immigrant groups that were established in the late 19th or early 20th century, sometimes within two or three blocks of one another, still existed when Martino arrived, even though membership numbers had dropped dramatically over recent decades because of deaths, suburban emigration and other factors, the theologian said…

From PolskieRadio: Sunday trading ban —“ legislation for lazybones?

Think Blue laws. Really they are right. If a society truly values family over commerce it would have just such a law. Government is not the arbiter of right and wrong but is can cooperate in creating an environment that supports what is right.

A Solidarity trade union initiative to ban shops opening after noon on Sunday has divided politicians, even those from the same party.

A draft of the bill forbidding trade on Sunday afternoons is to be ready this year and is supported by numerous politicians from the opposition Law and Justice party and even some in the ruling Polish Peasant’s Party/Civic Platform coalition.

One MP who is very much against is Janusz Palikot from Civic Platform. —MPs who want to forbid trading [on a Sunday] are just lazybones. They don’t feel like working and they want to prevent others from working to excuse themselves.’ says the politician, quoted by Gazeta Wyborcza.

Senator Jan Rulewski, also from Civic Platform, is of the opposite view.

—Those who want to keep shops open on Sundays think in the same way the communist did. They wanted us to work weekends, arguing that the development of the socialist motherland was more important than the family,— he says. —We strongly oppose this point of view and want to restrict trade on Sundays and ban it completely in future.—

The bill has the support of church authorities and trade unionists, however, claiming that working on Sunday is harmful to family life.

Current Events, Poland - Polish - Polonia, Political,

A Pole in the E.U.

From the NY Times: For Poland, a Milestone in Choice for European Post

The job brings no real power and no extra pay. But the election Tuesday of a new president of the European Parliament was a significant moment for the 27-nation European Union, and certainly for Poland.

Jerzy Buzek, a former center-right prime minister of Poland, was elected president of the assembly with 555 votes out of 713 votes cast, becoming the first politician from an Eastern European country to hold one of the bloc’s high-profile posts.

—Once upon a time,— Mr. Buzek told the Parliament on Tuesday, —I hoped to be a part of the Polish Parliament in a free Poland. Today I have become the president of the European Parliament —” something I could never have dreamed of.—

Never mind that the position is largely ceremonial. It carries prestige, a few perks and a lot of symbolism, and Warsaw wanted it badly.

The vote Tuesday was the culmination of months of lobbying by the Polish government, which wants to silence those who argue that the former Communist nations are underrepresented in Europe’s decision making.

Before the vote, Eugeniusz Smolar, senior fellow of the Center for International Relations, a research institute in Warsaw, said that the election of Mr. Buzek would —be symbolic to many people in Central and Eastern Europe of an evenhanded approach —” and that the old-boy network ceases to be in place.—

Poland’s minister for Europe, Mikolaj Dowgielewicz, said, —The fact that Buzek can become the president of the European Parliament is proof that enlargement of the E.U. has been a resounding success.—

Even some political opponents agree, and before voting, deputies from the Green Party had promised to back Mr. Buzek, not because they agreed with his center-right politics, but to send an upbeat political signal as part of the Parliament, which has grown in power even as turnout for elections has declined. Only 43 percent of eligible voters participated in elections to the assembly last month.

As president, Mr. Buzek will serve as chairman of parliamentary sessions. The job also involves representing the Parliament at summit meetings of European Union leaders and international events. All official travel is paid, and the president has the V.I.P. trappings of an international leader. The president also has a cabinet, which totals 39 members, including support staff and advisers.

Mr. Buzek, 69, is expected to bring to the post a new focus on Europe’s eastern neighbors, including Russia. Certainly his career contrasts sharply with that of his predecessor, Hans Gert Pí¶ttering of Germany, who has been a member of the European Parliament since 1979 —” a time when Mr. Buzek, then an academic and chemical engineer in Communist Poland, was about to join Solidarity, the movement that helped overthrow the government.

Born in the border region of Silesia, which at the time was a German-occupied part of Czechoslovak territory, he is a Protestant in a country where Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion.

After coming to power in 1997, Mr. Buzek became Poland’s first post-Communist prime minister to serve a full four-year term of office, enacting a series of domestic reforms.

Mr. Dowgielewicz, a political ally, said Mr. Buzek has a good domestic profile: —He is seen in Poland as someone who worked humbly in the European Parliament even though he is a former prime minister. Instead of searching out the TV cameras he was working hard within the Parliament.—…

Poland - Polish - Polonia, , , ,

Capturing the Remembering

From Buffalo’s ArtVoice: Before All Memory Is Lost: The Polish story of survival in Buffalo after Hitler and Stalin. The article is enhanced with wonderful photographs which capture more than history , but loss, bravery, and endurance.

Katyn by Jozef Slawinski

Deep in a dark recess in Buffalo’s City Hall is a terrifying piece of art made by the same Polish exile who created the Calasanctius mural. Jozef Slawinski’s hammered-copper bas-relief commemorates the place, the event, the process, the unimaginable suffering that the Poles know as Katyn.

Everybody has heard of Picasso’s Guernica, that terrifying huge canvas at a Madrid museum that portrays the German bombing of a Basque village during the Spanish Civil War. Everybody in the world should know of Slawinski’s abstract piece on the Soviet massacre of more than 16,000 Polish officers, elected officials, nobles, and intellectuals in the Katyn forest during World War II.

Had it not been for the late mayor Jimmy Griffin making a political gesture to Buffalo Poles, then not even Buffalo would know about Katyn.

It’s as if history has been privatized. Just as Slawinski’s Katyn is hidden away in an alcove few visit, the stories of a generation of as many as 20,000 immigrants to Buffalo have never become known beyond the whispered conversations of survivors. On the border between Buffalo and Cheektowaga, there are hundreds of stone monuments to members of the Polish army-in-exile who came to America, specifically to Buffalo, and who lived out the remainder of their lives in the hope of returning to their homeland, but while here created a complex legacy that literally reshaped our collective landscape.

Andy Golebiowski and a small group of volunteers formed the Polish Legacy Project to try to gather up some of the stories of the Polish DPs. DPs were the —displaced persons— who survived the German death camps, including Auschwitz and Buchenwald, where so many of their Jewish and Christian countrymen were murdered. The DPs were also the survivors of the German forced-labor camps and farm-labor slavery, people who then found themselves stranded in Allied zones at war’s end in 1945. The DPs were also thousands of Polish military men, like the legions who fought in Italy, who knew that Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt had decided the fate of their country at the Yalta conference in 1945—”which was to leave Poland in the Soviet sphere of influence, and leave them in need of a place to go that wasn’t going to be ruled by the Russians who had also slaughtered, deported, or brutalized their countrymen.

Golebiowski’s mother can still tell how she came to America. His father, a prisoner of war who was forced to work on German farms, told his own harrowing stories, but they died with him in 1999. Many of the people who came to Buffalo have died, taking their stories with them. In the Saint Stanislaus Cemetery on Pine Ridge Road, gravestones in a special military section are marked with the names of regiments and the briefest of notes about war-time experiences. These notes form a succinct code of service, and of suffering. —Sibyr,— say many of them, a brief reference to the horrors of young men and women who were deported to Siberia. —Auschwitz— is carved into several of these crosses, reminding us that three million Christian Poles died during the same period that three million Jewish Poles were murdered. —Monte Cassino— is on several, a note about the Poles’ unheralded capture of Sicily before the armies of Patton and Montgomery won glory there.

The world the Poles made here

They began arriving after 1948, when President Harry Truman signed a special displaced persons immigration bill, which he criticized for being so insufficient a gesture that he called it —inhumane.— Americans today can be forgiven for having forgotten how immense the destruction of World War II was—”because that cataclysm ended 65 years ago, and since then we have seen Vietnam, Central America, the Rwanda genocide, the Bosnian massacres, Iraq, and more.

The story that will unfold in the Polish Legacy Project’s conference October 3 and 4 here in Buffalo, though, is partly about the local impact of the largest forced migration in history.

Everybody more or less knows about our great 19th-century immigrant stories. Joey Giambra recently made the documentary La Terra Promessa, about the Sicilian story. Irish-Americans succeeded, after many years, in erecting a memorial to the Irish famine of the 1840s, in which hundreds of thousands died, and which led to the mass exodus of the Gaeltacht. There has even been a film made of the pre-1920s Polish migration.

But the thousands of Poles who found refuge here after World War II are a different, separate, largely untold story.

The urgent task

The children of the DPs are themselves now in their 40s, 50s, and 60s. If the DPs themselves are still alive, there is not much time in which to do the job of —rescue— or —salvage— collecting.

Thus the urgency of the conference. Strolling the rows of crosses at the Polish Veterans’ Plot at St. Stan’s Cemetery, one senses the urgency-cognizant of the fact that in five years, when the 75th anniversary of WWII is commemorated, there may be no one left who can give a firsthand account of life then.

The Polish Legacy Project’s mission is to record and to share the untold stories before they join all the other undocumented stories at the cemetery. The PLP is fighting against the clock, trying to make up for 60 years of silence. Unlike the stories of the Holocaust, these stories of survival, suffering and heroism largely do not exist in the English language…

Poland - Polish - Polonia

Kresy-Siberia Virtual Museum

znicz_logoKSVMThe new Kresy-Siberia Virtual Museum website has been launched successfully!

All whose families were deported by the Russians to the outer reaches of the Soviet Union, will be able to add families’ stories and photos on this new fantastic website for all to see. The KSVM will be an important research site for anyone interested in Polish history.

The museum contains a beautiful memorial wall of names containing the names of over 31,000 persons deported from Poland when Russia invaded Poland on September 17, 1939 as part of its pact with Nazi Germany. The Virtual Museum’s logo is a reminder of the part of Poland torn away by the Russian invaders.

Poland - Polish - Polonia, , , ,

From the East…

From John Guzlowski’s Lightning and Ashes: The Men From the East Were Terrible

Today is the 70th Anniversary of the Soviet invasion of Poland. It came 2 weeks after the Nazis invaded.

70 years ago today the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east and divided up the country with the Nazis. In some places in Poland, they light candles and put them in the windows to remember the dead and the suffering of the living during that time.

My mother was living west of Lvov in eastern Poland when the Russians invaded…

Tonight in Danville, Virginia, where I live, I will light a candle.

Poland - Polish - Polonia, , , ,

A tour of Polish Greenpoint and pre-war Warsaw

Two articles from Sunday’s New York Times:

An hour by hour tour of Greenpoint in A Taste of Poland in Arty Brooklyn

For all the inroads made by hipsters in Greenpoint, Brooklyn’s northernmost neighborhood, it has retained much of its Old World Polish character and working-class grit (probably because its subway is the much-loathed G train). It’s a great place to fill up on tasty, shockingly cheap Polish food —” kielbasa, pirogi and bigos, the cabbage and meat stew widely considered Poland’s national dish —” and to poke about the arty boutiques and bars that have sprouted on the side streets off Manhattan Avenue, the main commercial vein. To eat and explore, take the G train to Nassau Avenue or Greenpoint Avenue, and if you are really keen, print out a Polish primer from the local blog, greenpunkt.com

A review of and historical retrospective from Alan Furst’s book —The Spies of Warsaw: A Novel— in Love. Death. Intrigue. Warsaw. I am currently reading the book – it is excellent.

When, on a chill autumn afternoon in 1937, the German armaments engineer, cheating husband and spy Edvard Uhl arrives in Warsaw to engage in a Champagne- and espionage-fueled tryst with a ravishing Polish countess, the glittering but doomed capital is enjoying its own final fling with peace.

—Above the city, the sky was at war,— the novelist Alan Furst writes in the opening passage of —The Spies of Warsaw— (Random House), the latest of his 10 taut and richly atmospheric World War II-era espionage thrillers.

For the moment, it is just a gathering storm: two ominous weather systems, one sweeping in from Germany, the other extending all the way east to Russia, are about to clash over Poland’s capital. But the charged atmosphere, which will soon bring Armageddon to Warsaw, only serves to heighten the thrill for the wayward Uhl and the countess, herself a spy and, like Uhl, a pivotal and colorfully portrayed minor character who helps kick off the action.

The two first become acquainted in a small German restaurant, and after adroit maneuvers by the countess find themselves in Warsaw in the elegant Hotel Europejski dining room two weeks later, where they drink Champagne and down langoustines. And then, —after the cream cake,— Mr. Furst writes, —up they went.—

The author leaves what follows to the reader’s deftly teased imagination. But the setting for his spies’ intrigues —” the leafy boulevards, grand ballrooms, romantic cafes, lively salons and sinister back streets of a city on the cusp of catastrophe —” is vividly rendered. He also provides a dandy visual aid at the front of the book: a map of Warsaw before the deluge. Where fiction intertwines with history, the map superimposes one upon the other so that present-day visitors can track the movements of Mr. Furst’s star-crossed and SS-stalked characters through the streets of prewar Warsaw.

—There is something about the city and Poland itself that I find magnetic,— Mr. Furst said from his home in Sag Harbor, N.Y., on the eve of the paperback release of —The Spies of Warsaw— earlier this summer. —Even though Warsaw was completely destroyed in the Second World War, its past is still alive. It’s there —” you can feel it when you stand in the Old Town and look down at the Vistula and see the river winding through the city. It’s like looking at history.—

Many European cities suffered the conflagrations and miseries unleashed by Adolf Hitler 70 summers ago, but none more so than Warsaw —” the first city he bombed and the last that he destroyed. A beautiful city at the heart of a fruited plain, it had no mountain ranges or oceans to deter attacks. With only muddy roads as a —seasonal barrier against German expansion,— Mr. Furst writes, Warsaw made an easy first target for the unprovoked Nazi blitzkrieg that ignited World War II on Sept. 1, 1939.

Five years later, in a last epic act of hatred, a defeated Hitler ordered the systematic destruction of Warsaw. The city was burned, bombed and dynamited to rubble. It was Hitler’s final brutalization of a city already damned as a staging area for genocide. Six million Poles were murdered —” the Jewish and the non-Jewish died in roughly equal number —” and their ghosts are everywhere. —Thanks to Hitler,— said Juliusz Lichwa, a University of Warsaw student whose grandfather survived Dachau, —all our streets are graves.—

Determined to reclaim their capital from death’s dominion, Poles reconstructed the city brick by brick —” no easy task since much of Warsaw had been pulverized. Using everything from oil paintings to postcards, news photos and old family albums, architects and engineers painstakingly rebuilt the medieval Old Town Market Square and the adjacent 15th-century New Town, from scratch. Virtually everything a visitor sees there today is a re-creation, as are most of the city’s palaces, cathedrals and landmarks.

Even so, the Warsaw of old is gone forever. And it is that lost city, the grand, glittering and vibrant prewar capital, that Mr. Furst conjures in —The Spies of Warsaw.— In his city, the Warsaw of memory is in the present, and the future ticks ominously on every page…