Recent Posts

Most Used Categories

Category: Perspective

You are Here :
Christian Witness, Perspective

Be all that you want to be – and be comfortable

It appears that the Episcopal Church in New Jersey is reaching out to and proselytizing Roman Catholics (and other Catholics). The simple message: Be and believe whatever you judge to be right. You decide what is best for you.

Of course if you are looking for a church that lets you do your thing I would agree, TEC is the way to go. You don’t believe the whole creed but do like saying it —“ no problem, just cross your fingers during the parts you don’t believe. Believe in the Eucharist – kind of (or not at all) – no problem. No such thing as sin, but the U.N. has identified all of the world’s problems – you’ll fit right in.

The message from Grace Church in Newark (Episcopal) states in part:

A Message to Disaffected Roman Catholics From the Clergy and People of Grace Church in Newark (Episcopal)

Some Roman Catholics whose spiritual lives are grounded in the Mass and in the sacraments are, nevertheless, unable to concur with the Vatican’s position on issues such as the role of women in the church, contraception, remarriage of divorced person, homosexual relationships, or abortion. They have become increasingly disaffected as the hierarchy’s response to dissent has grown more strident and authoritarian.

If you are among them, you may find a comfortable spiritual home at Grace Church in Newark…

They then blather on about how they are really Catholic not Protestant and how their Church rests on the shoulders of St. Augustine of Canterbury.

Uh, yeah.

It looks like the Episcopalians of Newark are so desperate (because the entire Church’s membership has dropped precipitously) that they’ve turned into vagantes, going on and on about how they are really Catholic with valid orders and bishops and all. But we are Catholic, we are, see… we have bishops and music and mass.

In addition, I knew that as Catholics we all missed the point about Jesus’ message to the rich, to the Pharisees, and to all of us sinful folk. I knew that He was wrong when he talked about repentance, conversion, the narrow path, the tough choices, denying oneself, and the cross.

Thankfully Grace Episcopal has straightened it all out. It is really about being comfortable. Jesus’ real message was I’m ok, you’re ok (or was that Eric Berne?)

I also didn’t know that when St. Augustine went to England he was really there to tell the pagans that whatever they believed was ok. It was all a vacation for him and a chance to enjoy the comforts offered by King AEthelberht…

No, being a follower of Christ is demanding, painful, and not at all easy. It requires a complete conversion of heart —“ something we are outfitted to accomplish, but something that will not be easy nor ‘comfortable’.

You can take the wide and easy road. I, and no clergy, bishop, or pope can stop you, but before you do consider what the blogger over at Impassioned Imperfections asks in The Normal Christian Life:

Is It Possible?

It is easy to look at the book of Acts and remain in wonder at what the believers accomplished. It is another thing to truly ask oneself if such a life is possible, and something even deeper to ask if such a life is normal to the Christian. The book of Acts makes it apparent that there was no secret to such a life other than a genuine submission to the plan and purpose of God. The Holy Spirit was the driving force of the believers as recorded in the book of Acts. The Bible does not seem to imply that the experiences of the Early Church were just exclusively for them. Therefore we can conclude that such a life is allowed, possible, and even normal for the Christ-follower. The normal Christian life is an all-encompassing love relationship with the Master, and a principle-driven love relationship with the Church. The Christian life is all about dying to self and living for God, and learning to reach to others as we grow together in community.

Dead In Christ —“ A Revolutionary Approach To Living

—…We died to sin; how can we live in it any longer? Or don’t you know that all of us who were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? We were therefore buried with him through baptism into death in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, we too may live a new life. — Romans 6:2-4 (NIV)

Living for Christ is one thing, but dying to ourselves something that many of us would rather not do. For us to live the Christian life, and I mean truly live, we must learn the art of dying to ourselves. We need not look further than Christ Jesus Himself, who died willingly upon a cross that deserved Him not. Dying to yourself is a God thing…

If you need more check out Huw Raphael’s Viva La Difference! which begins:

A DEACON Once asked me if I thought I was “different” from him because of my self-identified gayness. I promptly and without hesitation replied “I don’t know.”

All of us struggle with issues – and all are called to conversion.

Fr. Martin Fox also makes a great and very ecumenical proposal in A Message to Episcopalians in Newark:

If you want to be part of the Church Jesus Christ founded, feel free to check out either the Catholic Church, in her various rites, or the Orthodox Church, in her various rites, or one of the Ancient Churches of the East [or the Polish National Catholic Church].

Come as you are, but don’t expect to stay that way…

Perspective, Poland - Polish - Polonia, Political,

25th Anniversary – Martial Law

State of War - stan wojenny

On a cold and snowy Sunday morning on December 13, 1981 the Poles woke up to find their country under Martial Law (literally – The State of War or “stan wojenny”). The Martial Law was imposed by the Military Council for National Salvation lead by, then, prime minister Gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski and consisting of 20 other high ranking military officers.

The WRON declared Martial Law to “defend socialism”. They felt threatened by the members of the first independent trade union behind the Iron Curtin – the Solidarity (Solidarnosc). The Solidarity had been founded only 18 months earlier, in August of 1980 after several weeks of strikes. The workers had gone on strike to protest poor living conditions and lack of independent representation. With the birth of the Solidarity hopes were high that the new trade union would help to pressure the government to introduce economical reforms and ease restrictions. The government quickly realized that the Solidarity was a threat to the system. Several road blocks were created to derail the Solidarity but the union seemed to grow stronger. The situation made the Soviets very worried and they, on he several occasions, pressured the Polish government and the Polish Communist Party (PZPR) to de-legalized the Solidarity. For the Polish government it soon became apparent that the union was too strong and far too popular to simply de-legalize it. A drastic action was need to oust the Solidarity, so martial law was imposed.

The Constitution stated that martial law could be imposed for defense or national security reasons. The Constitution allowed the State Council (Rada Panstwa) to impose a martial law while the parliament (Sejm) was not in session. Although the parliament was in session, the State Council headed by Henryk Jablonski unconstitutionally passed the law under pressure from the military. Only one member of the Council, Ryszard Reiff, voted against the resolution. The vote took place in the early morning hours of December 13 while Martial Law was under way: people arrested, restriction imposed. The State Council merely rubber stamped the decision of the military that took over the control in the country.

Thousands of Solidarity leadership and activists were arrested and imprisoned without court sentence. Among those arrested was Lech Walesa, the legendary Solidarity leader. The WRON, in an obvious public relations stunt, also arrested some prominent figures from the previous government.

The borders were sealed, airports were closed and road access to main cities was restricted. Travel between cities required permission. Curfew was imposed between 10 pm and 6 am. Telephone lines were disconnected. Mail was subject to censorship. All trade union and other independent organizations were de-legalized. All TV and radio transmissions were suspended (except one government TV channel and one government radio station). Public administration, health services, power generation stations, coal mines, sea ports, train stations, and most of the key factories were placed under military management. The employees had to follow military orders or face a court martial. Classes in schools and at universities were suspended.

From the early morning hours the only TV channel and the only radio station transmitted Gen. Jaruzelski’s address . The anchors wore military uniforms. Only newspapers controlled by the Communist Party or the military were published.

The Poles actively resisted the Martial Law by organizing strikes and street marches, but any resistance to the Martial Law was brutally crushed. On December 16, 1981 the police killed 9 striking coal miners at the Wujek Coal Mine in Katowice. The Poles continued to oppose the WRON – many Solidarity members worked underground. They established, the so called, Revolutionary Solidarity and were involved in publishing independent newspapers, organization of street protests, broadcasting radio programs usually cut off by the government jammers). Thousands were arrested and prosecuted.

Martial Law was suspended on December 31, 1982 and terminated on July 22, 1983. Some of the restrictive legislation introduced during the martial law remained in force through the end of the eighties. The failure of the WRON and the ruling Communist Party became clear in 1989 when the Solidarity won by a land-slide in the first free election after World War II.

The story above from Martial Law in Poland, Videofact

My friends in Poland, young, newly married lived in the bloky (concrete apartment blocks built by the communists). The husbands were still conscripts and they didn’t come home that night. They weren’t on the street, they were locked in at their base. The government didn’t want the soldiers armed or out there. The Milicja (police actually) and the dreaded Zomo (convicts let loose) were on the street.

My friends recounted their stories to me, but it wasn’t until we knew each other quite well. The Poles are very open about their private lives. Nothing seems private in a friendly discussion, even among acquaintances. But this issue, this pain, required a different level of closeness. The fear and the pain is very real and lasting.

I pray for them today, for those injured, killed, or imprisoned then and now – including those jailed and tortured by our own government. Were our ideals fashioned solely for the fight against communism, or are they deeper than that? I don’t really know.

All I can say is that it is very important that we do not forget, that we do not loose sense of what we stood for and what we stand for. It can happen here, martial law, shortages, an inability to speak openly. It is happening subtly right now. God have mercy on us.

Other Resources:

A personal reflection on living these events in Remembering the martial law from Arthur Chrenkoff

A Brief History of Polish Underground Publishing During Solidarity by Wanda Wawro, Cornell University Library Slavic & East European Studies

Solidarity and Martial Law in Poland: 25 Years Later, The National Security Archive

Martial law in Poland, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Perspective

A job?

Found this in my RSS search results from CatholicJobs.com:

Diocese of Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK
Rural Deacon Director and Trainer
OTHER
FT Employee

0-2 years
Graduate Degree

JOB DETAILS

Rural Deacon Director and Trainer

The Diocese of Fairbanks has an opening for a director/trainer for the Rural Deacons in the Yukon-Kuskokwim Region of the diocese. Responsibilities include recruiting, training, and supporting local deacons for the 24 primarily Yup’ik Eskimo parishes in the region.

Needed Qualities: Catholic in good standing, background in theology, experience in teaching, coordinating, and supporting ministers, self-starter, flexible, able to work with a team, able to travel extensively, sometimes do without conveniences, live in small villages (500 – 1000) and travel by small plane (5 seater).

The Diocese of Fairbanks is an equal opportunity employer. Salary and benefits information available on request. Start date: August, 2007

Send inquiries to: kradich@juno.com, or call 907-438-2597 by March 1, 2007.

OK, I understand the idea of remoteness in Alaska and the need to keep deacons in the far flung reaches of the Fairbanks Diocese connected with the See, but this just strikes me as inappropriate.

The deacon is the eyes, ears, and hands of the bishop. He is connected in his ministry to the bishop both in reality and mystically. The deacon’s ministry flows from the bishop and is under the bishop’s direction. Here you have the very real possibility of having a lay director over the clergy. This is wrong.

I won’t even go into the whole subject of minimal qualification for the job: “0-2 years” experience? a “background” in theology? Anyone with a modest background in Catholic theology would realize that the deacons should be managed and directed by their bishop. Oh, and as an equal opportunity employer, whatever that is supposed to mean, it may very well be that the bishop’s charism will flow through a woman as director.

The whole idea of this being a job is silly. The R.C. Church in the United States, cutting corners and bending rules – do whatever it takes. To what end, who knows?

Current Events, Perspective

Ban this

Jimmy Blue posts a commentary at The Daily Evergreen regarding the recent decision by the NY City Board of Health that bans tans-fat from restaurants.

In my opinion his post nails the issue straight-on. Here’s an excerpt from Trans-fat ban neglects responsibility

More than a year ago, when the smoking ban was passed in Washington, I had mixed feelings. As a nonsmoker, I was first a proponent of the ban, I was tired of sitting in restaurants inhaling second-hand, cancer-causing, smoke. But I also realized the ban made things much more difficult for smokers and pushed smoking onto the streets and sidewalks where it still affected nonsmokers.

Today, I am unsure passing the smoking ban in Washington was the right choice. I would not be so unsure if Washington took the steps New York City has recently taken in banning the use of trans fats in all restaurants.

The New York City Board of Health voted last week to ban the use of artificial trans fats by restaurateurs in the hopes of promoting healthier eating. This is a problem for restaurants as well as people who oppose restrictions on their rights. I am in favor of helping those in need, but a ban on certain foods seems ridiculous.

There is a fine line to government intervention in the marketplace.

For instance, your ‘right’ to drive is not a right at all, but a government privilege. Government can and does restrict what you are able to do with and in a car. For example, you cannot use a cell phone while driving, you must wear a seatbelt, you must drive the posted speed, you must be licensed, you cannot use your car as a hammock when you’re out getting drunk. These are all well and good and provide for the safety of everyone.

As to smoking, well I’m happy because I don’t have to sit in a cloud in a restaurant, bar, or at work. Other people’s enjoyment ruins my enjoyment, my clothes, and my health. I shouldn’t be forced to smoke if I do not wish to smoke, and no, you cannot create an effective, efficient, or perfect smoking/non-smoking divide in any building.

Never-the-less, there must be limits to the government’s regulation of our lives. I would also agree that government is wont to go too far. Government bans related to food products (no we’re not baking pot brownies – but why should that be a problem either) are repugnant to responsible freedom.

Banning trans-fat, pate, foie gras, szmalec* or any other item from a menu is utterly invasive. It passes into the realm of government meddling and control in areas where government has no business. Can these things be bad for you – sure, as can beer, wine, eggs, red meat, fish, pie with a crust made from lard, or escargot if you eat them every day non-stop. If you’re shoving down 50 Twinkies a day there’s nothing government can do to help you.

Where government can be effective in in the area of education. With knowledge and appropriate consumer awareness (look at the massive decrease in the number of smokers – and it’s not because you can’t smoke at the local bowing alley) the market will regulate itself. Unfortunately, we as Americans want the quick fix and the short-cut. Pass a law and we think the problem will miraculously disappear (like we’re all so law abiding). Rather, invasive and nonsensical laws will end like prohibition, with the majority ignoring such laws.

As Christians we are taught (or should have been taught) to be stewards of the earth. We are given the earth’s gifts for our benefit and enjoyment. We are also commanded not to kill (that includes killing yourself). With Christian awareness and an appropriate education we can indulge once-and-a-while without tending to an unhealthy lifestyle.

I’ll enjoy a cigar once in a blue-clouded moon, drink a few too make vodka shots, eat the charred fat off my steak, and slather my Polish rye with szmalec. For dessert I’ll down a Dunkin’ Donut saturated with trans-fat plastics. In the end I’ll enjoy them and I’ll enjoy them responsibly. That’s part of the richness of God’s gifts, and God’s requirement that we be responsible, i.e., stewards, of what we have been given – and that is an area that government has no business regulating.

Szmalec is a type of Polish lard created from rendered pork fat. Homemade szmalec is typically imbued with pork cracklings, chopped and fried onion, marjoram, salt, pepper, and other seasonings. It is a classic peasant dish typically used as a substitute for the ‘rich man’s butter’ and is spread on bread. Approx. equal to one month’s supply of cholesterol on a single slice of bread. My pastor notes that szmalec and bread were the daily ration for seminarians in Poland during the dark days of communist oppression.

Current Events, Perspective

Miscellaneous silliness

The Conference

From the AP via the Houston Chronicle: Iran opens Holocaust conference

TEHRAN, Iran —” Iran on Monday opened a Holocaust conference that it said would examine whether the genocide took place, claiming the meeting was an opportunity for discussion in an atmosphere free of Western taboos…

I’m trying to ascertain what all the fuss is about. If Harvard, or Oxford, or anyone that mattered opened such a conference I would think that people would have a perfectly legitimate reason to protest. Being that this is an outlaw state with an obvious agenda… I think protests are like yelling into the wind.

For my part I firmly believe what the good Felician sisters taught me, never burn books or criticize someone’s right to speak their opinion. If you do, you have taken the first step down the same road dictators have trod. Idiotic opinions spoken openly are subject to sound Christian judgment and will soon be refuted.

The Menorah Wars

The Colonie Center Mall, quite nearby to me, and the Seattle Airport have been made part of the holiday wars (note NOT the Christmas wars)

From CBS News: Seattle Airport Removes Christmas Trees: Rabbi’s Request For A Menorah Ignored; Instead, Officials Take Down Christmas Display

(AP) All nine Christmas trees have been removed from the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport instead of adding a giant Jewish menorah to the holiday display as a rabbi had requested.

Maintenance workers boxed up the trees during the graveyard shift early Saturday, when airport bosses believed few people would notice.

“We decided to take the trees down because we didn’t want to be exclusive,” said airport spokeswoman Terri-Ann Betancourt. “We’re trying to be thoughtful and respectful, and will review policies after the first of the year.”

Rabbi Elazar Bogomilsky, who made his request weeks ago, said he was appalled by the decision. He had hired a lawyer and threatened to sue if the Port of Seattle didn’t add the menorah next to the trees, which had been festooned with red ribbons and bows.

“Everyone should have their spirit of the holiday. For many people the trees are the spirit of the holidays, and adding a menorah adds light to the season,” said Bogomilsky, who works in Seattle at the regional headquarters for Chabad Lubavitch, a Jewish education foundation…

Good, take down the trees, and who cares. You can close the Santa (cha-ching $25 for the picture with Santa) booth at the mall as well. As a writer stated in his letter to the editor at the Times Union:

—Please honor us Christian customers by having a nativity (the real symbol of Christianity).—

If you want, you could but up an Advent wreath, right next to the Menorah, and put up the crèche, without the baby Jesus, until Christmas day. Put Him in there on Christmas. When Easter gets near, put up a cross.

To the rabbi’s points: —trees are the spirit of the holidays, and adding a menorah adds light to the season—

Uh, NO! Trees have little if anything to do with the ‘spirit’ of the holidays. The spirit is recognizing the undeserved salvation that was begun with the incarnation of Emmanuel, God among us. That’s the only —light— anyone needs.

If Christians and Jews actually cared about the —holidays— they would be busy preparing themselves spiritually rather than engaging in battles over retail symbolism.

I suppose the new question for those believers is: How many angels can dance on the keys of a cash register?

Current Events, Perspective, Political

Who said it?

Who said the following in rejecting the proposals made by the Iraq Study Group:

“The attempt to create a linkage between the Iraqi issue and the Mideast issue — we have a different view.”

Could it be Osama, the leadership in Iran, Syria, or Hamas? Perhaps Hezbollah? Maybe it was the Germans or the French, you know, our allies who ‘never’ support us? Could it even have been Mr. Stay the Course, President Bush.

Nope!

These were the words of our most faithful and trusted ally, the friend who gets every bomb and every dollar we can’t afford – the Prime Minister of Israel, Ehud Olmert.

See: Israel Rejects Iraq Study Group Proposals

Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert on Thursday rejected a U.S. advisory group’s conclusion that a concerted effort to resolve Israel’s conflict with its neighbors will help stabilize the situation in Iraq, saying there is no connection between the two issues.

Olmert also rebuffed the group’s recommendation that Israel open negotiations with Syria, but said Israelis want “with all our might” to restart peace talks with the Palestinians.

Admitting the connection would mean admitting that our support of Israel facilitates the two-tiered apartheid system that fuels the fires of hatred toward the United States.

Current Events, Perspective, Political

It’s a plot I tell you!

From the Ottawa Recorder: Bush: Iraq violence is al-Qaida plot

TALLINN, Estonia – President Bush said Tuesday an al-Qaida plot to stoke cycles of sectarian revenge in Iraq is to blame for escalating bloodshed, and refused to debate whether the country has fallen into civil war.

…

Bush said he will ask al-Maliki to explain his plan for quelling the violence.

I like that, ask the hobbled leader of a country torn by civil war what he’s going to do about it. He’s doing the only thing that makes sense, surviving by allying himself with fellow travelers in Iran and al-Sadr.

Perhaps Mr. Bush will be citing the world plotting against him when they carry him off to prison (for war crimes) or to the asylum (ala Captain Queeg). He will use the plot defense when his claims of being Napoleon are ignored.

Christian Witness, Perspective,

Signpost – the desert experience

desert ahead

In the spiritual life, the desert experience is a time of preparation, a time where the Spirit works within us, tearing out the old man and building up the new.

During those times of darkness and abandonment in our lives, especially when we get the sense that we have been abandoned by God, our prayers become just words and time spent in contemplation seems to be an empty torture. Sometimes it seems quite difficult to stick with God.

I often reflect on the times I felt this way. When I saw the sign on Huw’s site it was the first thing that came to mind. I offer up my prayers this evening for all who are experiencing this time of darkness.

If you want to make a custom sign thingy – check out Custom Road Sign.

Current Events, Media, Perspective, Poland - Polish - Polonia

Commenting on ethnicity

One of the newsgroups I recently joined over at Yahoo! is the Polish American Forum. There has been quite a discussion going on around the play Polish Joke by David Ives.

The play is currently being staged by the University of Detroit Mercy (a Jesuit university) and the University’s Theater Company to protests from many in the Polish-American community.

The play has been out for a while and the Polish-American community has frequently commented on it in the negative (see the American Council for Polish Culture’s response by Marek Czarnecki for an example).

The problem with the play, and its current staging, as I see it is threefold:

A Failure in Plot and Development

It is an attempt to examine a serious issue —“ self identity and the affect nativist thinking and philosophy has had on intercultural relationships in the United States —“ done poorly. Cheap humor that buys into nativist stereotypes, while effective as a foil (how many cringed when we recently heard about Michael ‘Kramer’ Richards outburst at two black men) is useless as comedic cover for a poorly developed plot.

The Village Voice reviewer Michael Feingold covers that well in Partial Births: Parks Faces Tragedy; Ives Masks Comedy

David Ives … [s]triving to write a full-evening comedy … has fallen victim to the defensive impulse to make it funny. As a result, he’s filled Polish Joke with skits to the point where you hardly notice the play he’s trying to write. As staged by John Rando, with a quartet of able comedians gleefully headed by Nancy Opel and Walter Bobbie, the skits are often extremely funny indeed. The Irish skit, which runs on a little too long for me, is most people’s favorite; as a Smith & Dale fan, I prefer the doctor sketch. But what I’d really prefer most would be the play Ives apparently intended to write, on the American dilemma of ethnicity versus assimilation, which is centered on his fifth character, a Polish American who doesn’t want to be a Polish joke. Not only interesting in himself, this character is played by Malcolm Gets with touching sincerity and grace, as a human being living a nightmare rather than a straight man in sketch comedy. This is unfair; either Ives should build a play around the character or Rando should show the actor how to walk this way. (If he could walk that way, he wouldn’t need the talcum powder.)

Instead, Ives’s hero proceeds from sketch to sketch, the punchline of his joke life being that he marries the only utterly unhumorous person in the play and settles down with her in Poland. Which may be a handy way to wind things up, but says little about how Ives feels we should live in this nation of immigrants. Like Parks, Ives lets his inner preoccupations usurp, rather than interact with, external reality. But where Parks has at least pushed the outer doors open, Ives farcically slams them shut.

A Failure of Ideals

The play is being put on by a nominally Catholic University, not that I should expect anything different. The R.C. Church in the United States grew up under clerics who heavily bought into nativist stereotyping. In addition, allegedly Catholic universities, such as Notre Dame, regularly sponsor plays like the Vagina Monologues and have a tendency to discipline students who exhibit Catholic witness —“ perhaps out of fear of their own weak witness. Even so, when I hear the word Catholic and think of the faith of the Poles who have contributed time, talent, and treasure to build up the R.C. Church in the United States, I do expect different. To some extent, that is why I am a member on the PNCC, I couldn’t take the regular doses of cognitive dissonance. The R.C. Church in the United States has a long track record of relegating Polish-Americans to third class status —“ and it continues to this day. Pray, pay, and obey everyone because you know, we have a pope.

A Failure to Examine

The play fails to examine the pain that nativist stereotyping has caused. Economic deprivation, leaving many Polish-Americans a generation behind their peers, families turning their ethic identity into a closely guarded secret through a series of name changes and other assimilation techniques, self-hated, glass ceilings, and I could go on. The age old question of identity and its relationship to culture is lost for those from whom their very identity has been hidden by their parents and grandparents. If Mr. Ives has pain, he should explore it more seriously.

The affect of nativist stereotypes on Polish-Americans has been either negative assimilation (a complete washing out of any historical-cultural connection) or abject defensiveness. Join a Polish-American society, and as in the play, be regaled by stories of Kościuszko, Pułaski, Pope John Paul, Marie Curie, and a list of names and events miles long. Polish-Americans of that stripe are so busy defending themselves, their history and culture; they’ve lost sight of the future.

The arts should explore the full gamut of human emotions and relationships. Some of it, like nativism and stereotyping are dark corners of this nation’s psyche, little explored. Mr. Ives and the University of Detroit Mercy would do better to explore these areas in a way that challenges our complacency, our latent discrimination, and our identity politics rather than buying into them*.

*NOTE: Leaders within the Polish-American community took the initiative to confront the University and they ‘agreed’ to open a public forum on the issues raised. Ref. Deal Made On “Polish Joke” At University from the Polish Falcons website.

All Right Reserved © 2005 - 2023